EV Charging Station Anatomy

Field reference for EV charging technicians. 10 entries, taken from the PlugWatt app.

These notes come from PlugWatt

Reference notes from PlugWatt, the offline field toolkit for electric vehicle charging installation and service technicians. It works with no cell signal, because the sites do not have any.

Get PlugWatt on the App Store

AC input section

Function

Takes the 480 V three phase feed through input protection, contactors, and filtering into the power stack.

Failure modes

Phase loss or rotation faults

Loose lugs heating under load

Input contactor wear

Surge device end of life

Power modules

Function

Rectify AC to DC and convert to the commanded output voltage. Stacked in parallel slices, typically 25 to 75 kW each, so capacity degrades gracefully.

Failure modes

Single module failure capping output

Module fan failure and thermal derate

Module comm bus dropouts

Firmware mismatch after partial replacement

DC output contactors

Function

Connect the DC bus to the cable only after the handshake and cable check pass. The last switch between the bus and the driver's hands.

Failure modes

Welded contacts leaving the output live

Feedback or mirror contact faults

Coil supply chatter

Contact wear from cycling under load

Precharge circuit

Function

Brings the cable and vehicle side up to bus voltage through a resistor before the main contactors close, preventing a destructive inrush across the contacts.

Failure modes

Open or drifted resistor

Failed precharge relay

Timeouts from added downstream capacitance

Insulation monitoring device

Function

Continuously measures resistance from DC positive and DC negative to protective earth on the isolated output. Trips below roughly 100 ohms per volt, about 100 kilohms at 1000 V.

Failure modes

Genuine trips from moisture or damage

Capacitive leakage on long shielded runs hugging the threshold

Device failure reading permanently low

Cooling system

Function

Air paths with filters and fans for the cabinet and modules; liquid loops with pump, exchanger, and coolant for high power cables and some electronics.

Failure modes

Blocked filters

Failed fans

Low coolant or air in the loop

Pump wear

Exchanger blockage

Charge controller and dispenser

Function

The user facing unit: display, payment, RFID, connector management, and the controller orchestrating the session state machine.

Failure modes

Controller board faults presenting as handshake failures

Display and reader failures

Dispenser to power cabinet comm faults on split architectures

Control pilot and comms board

Function

Generates the J1772 pilot, runs the PLC modem for CCS and NACS digital communication, and holds the ISO 15118 certificate machinery.

Failure modes

Dead pilot

SLAC failures from PLC modem faults

Certificate store corruption or expiry

Connector and cable

Function

The wear item: power contacts, pilot and proximity pins, latch, and on high power units a liquid cooling jacket, delivered into the public's hands hundreds of times a week.

Failure modes

Contact wear and heating

Latch and proximity damage

Crushed or abraded cable

Coolant weep on liquid cooled assemblies

Metering and payment

Function

Revenue grade energy metering plus card readers and payment terminals feeding the billing chain through OCPP.

Failure modes

Meter faults breaking billing while power flows fine

Reader failures

Payment terminal connectivity separate from OCPP

These notes come from PlugWatt

Reference notes from PlugWatt, the offline field toolkit for electric vehicle charging installation and service technicians. It works with no cell signal, because the sites do not have any.

Get PlugWatt on the App Store

These notes are a field aid, not a substitute for the governing codes, the stamped drawings, the authority having jurisdiction, or manufacturer manuals. Verify against the current documentation for your installed equipment.